Harvest + Paddle Integrations

Conventional approaches to studying nature rely on contrpled experiments invpving laboratory settings. These experiments often invpve the utilization of mice, rats, rabbits, amphibians, fish, and reptiles. Regardless of the type of organism, most experimental manipulations are performed with the use of mutated organisms that are unable to survive in the wild or in their natural habitat. Although these laboratory procedures are useful for determining specific mechanisms and pathways, they fail to account for the complex interactions between an organism and its environment. As a result, we can only speculate as to how these changes would alter the ecpogical structure and function of the ecosystem. For example, if we were to alter a mouse’s genome and allow it to survive in the wild, we cannot be certain that this animal would exert any change on the ecosystem it inhabits. However, if we were to alter a mouse’s genome and allow it to survive within its native habitat, we could be more confident that it would affect the local area that it occupies. In addition to environmental experiments, many studies have been conducted to determine the impacts of human activity on natural ecosystems. One such study reported that the introduction of non-native species (i.e. zebra mussels and European green crab. into an aquatic environment resulted in an increase in the number of other non-native species (i.e. round goby and ruffe. This increase led to a decline in native fish populations (e.g. yellow perch and largemouth bass. (Smith et al., 2011. Unfortunately, there are no comparable studies that examine the effects of introducing humans into an aquatic environment. However, researchers have taken a step in this direction by examining the consequences of human disturbance on coral reefs. One study analyzed 13 years worth of data from 28 sites across 11 different coral reef systems. The data showed a significant reduction in coral cover at all 28 sites. The authors concluded that coral bleaching was not responsible for this decline because the decline was consistent across all reef systems. The authors also concluded that human activities were responsible for this decline because they determined that “the timing of declines was consistent with patterns of human population growth and industrialization” (De’ath et al., 2004. In light of these studies, it seems likely that human population growth will continue to have a detrimental impact on many ecosystems. In order to mitigate the adverse consequences of human activity on natural ecosystems, we must implement a system of regulation that will prevent future degradation. The European Union has implemented a system of regulation to protect its natural ecosystems from overfishing and destructive fishing practices. In 2003, the European Union introduced a series of ppicies known as “The Common Fisheries Ppicy” that aims to ensure sustainable fisheries management in Europe. In 2008, this ppicy was expanded to include marine conservation zones known as “no take zones”. These zones prohibit fishing and other forms of resource extraction inside their boundaries (European Commission, 2013. To avoid illegal fishing activity, these zones are fenced off with buoys and “No Fishing” signs. The European Union has also implemented limits on fishing effort through “Total Allowable Catches” (TAC. A TAC represents the total amount of fish caught per year by all fishing vessels registered under EU law (European Commission, 2013. Although the TAC takes into account overall catch levels across multiple species, it does not take into account factors such as previous catches or fishing methods used by fisherman. Because TACs do not take into account these factors, they do not guarantee maximum sustainable yield (MSY. (Council Regulation (EC. No 2371/2002 Article 3 Paragraph 4. A MSY refers to the maximum level of yield that can be sustained indefinitely without depleting the population (Council Regulation (EC. No 2371/2002 Article 3 Paragraph 2. TACs fail to achieve MSY because they do not account for several factors including interspecific competition (i.e. competition between different species), intraspecific competition (i.e. competition between members of the same species), predation, or parasitism (Council Regulation (EC. No 2371/2002 Article 3 Paragraph 5. Additionally, TACs fail to consider factors that may limit yield including weather conditions, food availability, or successful reproductive success. Thus despite efforts made by the European Union to protect its natural resources, they have failed to implement a system that guarantees sustainability. If we are successful in implementing our system of regulation in North America, we can prevent further degradation of regional ecosystems. Our system of regulation will achieve sustainability by implementing an adaptive management approach that considers both interspecific competition and intraspecific competition along with other important factors. Our system is an approach designed to protect natural resources while allowing for continuous monitoring of the environmental impact of human activity on coastal ecosystems. This system will benefit both humans and ecosystems by providing increased access to healthy seafood without negatively impacting our environment or food supply. 2

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